Category: tBC

Pelvoux is a former commune (now merged into Vallouise-Pelvoux) in the Hautes-Alpes department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur region in southeastern France. No less than five summer-Bourbaki congresses took place in Pelvoux:

• La Tribu 25 : Congres oecumenique de Pelvoux (June 25th – July 8th 1951)
• La Tribu 28 : Congres de la motorisation de l’ane qui trotte (June 25th – July 8th 1952)
• La Tribu 45 : Congres des hyperplans (June 25th – July 7th 1958)
• La Tribu 48 : Congres de cerceau (June 25th – July 8th 1959)
• La Tribu 51 : Congres un peu sec (June 25th – July 7th 1960)

Bourbaki’s Diktat of the 1951-meeting tells us:

“The 1951 Ecumenical Congress will be held at the Hotel d’Ailefroide, Pelvoux-le-Poet (Hautes Alpes), from June 25 at 10 a.m. to July 8 at 6 p.m. The recommended means of communication are:
A) The train, Briancon line, get off at Argentiers la Bessee then the bus, direct to the hotel.
B) plane, boat, helicopter
Please do not confuse the Hotel d’Ailefroide in Pelvoux-le-Poet with the locality of Ailefroide which is elsewhere.”

You can still book a stay at Le Chalet Hotel d’Ailefroide in Pelvoux, but we will see that this is not the place we are looking for.

From the history of the Rolland family in Ailefroide:

“In 1896, Jean, the older brother of our grandfather Pierre, built two hotels simultaneously: the Hôtel d’Ailefroide in the hamlet of Poêt, very close to our family home, and the Chalet Hôtel d’Ailefroide, very close to our chalet ‘le Saint Pierre’.”

The ‘Hôtel d’Ailefroide’ in Poêt no longer functions as hotel, but some old postcards of its circulate on the web:

To convince ourselves that this is really the place of venue of the Bourbaki-congresses, compare the balustrade of the terras, and the main entrance door of the Hotel to these two pictures taken at the 1951-conference:

(From left to right: Jacques Dixmier, Jean Dieudonne, Pierre Samuel, Andre Weil, Jean Delsarte, and partially hidden, Laurent Schwartz.)

(Laurent Schwartz before Bourbaki’s famous portable blackboard.)

We’ve seen that in Amboise, Bourbaki made pilgrimages to Chancay. When in Pelvoux, He made a pilgrimage towards Les Bans, where Herbrand fell to his death.

Jacques Herbrand was considered one of the greatest younger logicians and number-theorists when he fell to his death on july 27th 1931, only 23 years old, while mountain-climbing in the Massif des Ecrins.

He was awarded a Rockefeller fellowship that enabled him to study in Germany in 1931, first with John von Neumann in Berlin, then during June with Emil Artin in Hamburg, and finally with Emmy Noether in Göttingen.

Herbrand was a close friend of Andre Weil and, in particular, of Claude Chevalley. From Chevalley is the quote: “Jacques Herbrand would have hated Bourbaki”.

In the summer-vacation of 1931 he went mountain-climbing with a couple of friends in the French Alps. They set off from Le refuge de la Pilatte

and took the normal route to the south summit of “Les Bans” (the blue, followed by green track in the map below). A more detailed description of the route and its difficulties can be found here.

They did reach the summit, as illustrated by this classic picture of Herbrand (in the mddle) but the accident happened in the descent.

The French mathematical society has donated a commemorative plaque to the chapel of Notre Dame des Neiges in La Bérarde.

For much more information, see this excellent article by Mathouriste.

From La Tribu 25 (translated by Maurice Mashaal in Bourbaki, a secret society of mathematicians, page 108):

“In addition to the regime imposed by the High Commisions, a terrible schism threatens Bourbaki, that between the mountaineers and the couch potatoes. Faced with an alpine valley, one person is afraid of snow and makes a dash for the Tropics, another rebels against ‘these horrible mountains, enormous masses lacking formality and structure’, a third, motorized, is surprised by the insistence of the mountaineers to be driven to the bottom of each and every valley and abandons them to their sad fate. On the other hand, a delegation representing all ages and ranks sets off to survey glaciers and neves, defy crevasses and mountain sickness, and plant Bourbaki’s flag above Refuge Caron, at 3160 meters.”

Mashaal’s book also contains a picture (copyright Archives Association de N. Bourbaki) of the delegation of mountaineers, taken on Wednesday July 4th 1951, with the Barre des Ecrins in the background:

From left to right: Laurent Schwartz, Andre Weil, Pierre Cartier, Pierre Samuel, Jean-Pierre Serre, and their guide. Presumably, Terry Mirkil took the photograph.

Present at the congress were: Cartan, Delsarte, Dieudonne, Dixmier, Godement, Sammy, Samuel, Schwartz, Serre, Weil; the Foreign visitors : Hochschild, Borel,and Guinea pigs : Cartier and Mirkil.

I’ll let you figure out who Bourbaki’s couch potatoes were.

As we are on a mission to find all places of Bourbaki congresses in the 50ties, does the building of the ‘Hôtel d’Ailefroide’ in Pelvoux-le-Poêt still exists, and what is its exact location?

Coordinates: 44.853904, 6.492673.

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Between 1955 and 1960 four Bourbaki congresses were held in Amboise, a small market town on the river Loire, and once home of the French royal court.

• La Tribu 38, from March 11th-17th 1956, ‘Congres des trois angles plats’
• La Tribu 40, fromOctober 7th-14th 1956, ‘Congres de l’intelligence peu commune’
• La Tribu 41, from March 17th-24th 1957, ‘Congres du foncteur inflexible’
• La Tribu 47, from March 7thh-14th 1959, ‘Congres “Chez mon cousin”‘

Seldom a congress-location was described in such detail. On page 1 of La Tribu 38 one reads:

‘The congress was held in Amboise from March 11th till March 17th 1956, in the salons de l’Hotel de la Breche, situated in the rue de Pocé, between the railway station and the bridge.’

Hotel de la Breche, Amboise in 1956 (Photo from Bourbaki et la Touraine by Jacques Borowczyk)

Today, there is no rue de Pocé in Amboise, but the Hotel de la Breche still exists, the restaurant run by a father-daughter combo as chefs. Its address is 26, Rue Jules Ferry, Rive Droite, 37400 Amboise. The Rue Jules Ferry goes from the centre of Amboise in the direction of nearby Pocé-sur-Cisse so it may have been named Rue de Pocé in the 50ties. It definitely is the same Hotel.

In this period several of the Bourbaki-members obtained prestigious positions at Institutes and Universities, resulting in some banter in La Tribu.

In La Tribu 38 page 2 the expulsion is threatened of all members which are not ‘Professors of the first rank’.

“In the meantime, the regulations have been supplemented by articles making it compulsory to wear a broken collar and a tie, the use of the word ‘Monsieur’ when speaking of the undisputed leaders of La Sorbonne and the College, formal address will be compulsory between members, and the guinea pigs will use the third person to address their elders.”

Recall that Jean-Pierre Serre received the Fields medal at age 27 in 1954, and was nominated in 1956 as the youngest Professor of the Collège de France (chair of algebra and geometry).

Claude Chevalley had a difficult time after WW2 to get a position at a French university as he stayed in the US when war broke out. Eventually his friends managed to create a chair for him at La Sorbonne in 1957 (chair of analytic geometry and group theory). (see here for a list of all chairs in mathematics over the years).

From La Tribu 47 page 2:

“Inspired by his writings on Logic, Bourbaki wondered if the system of axioms formed by the Motchane Institute, the Princeton Institute, the College, Polytechnique and the little Sorbonne is compatible; it seems that we are on the way to an affirmative answer thanks to the work of various congressmen whom La Tribu does not want to name.”

Here, ‘l’Institut Motchane’ if of course the IHES, which was founded in 1958 by businessman and mathematical physicist Léon Motchane, with the help of Robert Oppenheimer and Jean Dieudonné, who would become the first permanent professor. Dieudonne accepted the position only after Grothendieck was also offered a position.

L’Institut de Princeton is the Institute for Advanced Studies where Andre Weil obtained a permanent position in 1958. We saw already that ‘College’ means Serre, and ‘Sorbonne’ Chevalley.

Amboise is not far from Chancay where the second and third pre-WW2 Bourbaki-conferences were held, at the estate of the parents of Chevalley in La Massotterie, where this iconic picture was taken.

During at least three of the four meetings in Amboise a pilgrimage to Chancay was organised.

In La Tribu 38 on page 2:

“A pilgrimage to Chancy gives rise to a great sponging session. Some will regret that there was no cellar visit session.”

In La Tribu 40 on page 2:

“We find all the same the strength and the courage to go to Chancay to taste white wine, and meditate on the sheaves of germs of carrots.”

Finally, in La Tribu 47 on page 2:

“Accompanied by a plumber, the Congress made a pilgrimage to Chancay; he finds that the pipes were not leaking excessively, and that the tap at Vouvray was even working very well.”

Note that Vouvray is an ‘appellation d’origine contrôlée’ of white wines produced around the village Vouvray, so all white wines from Chancay are Vouvray-wines.

The first few pages of most La Tribu-issues are full of these tiny tidbits of French knowledge. Perhaps I should start another series ‘La Tribu Trivia’?

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For three summers in a row, Bourbaki held its congres in ‘Sallieres-les-bains’, located near Die, in the Drôme.

• La Tribu 36, from June 27th till July 9th 1955
• La Tribu 39, from June 24th till July 7th 1956, ‘Congres des Tapis’
• La Tribu 42, from June 23rd till July 7th 1957, ‘Congres oecumenique du diabolo’

There are several ways to determine the exact location of a Bourbaki congres.

The quickest one is to get hold of the corresponding Diktat which often not only gives the address, but also travel instructions on how to get there. But strangely, no Diktats for congresses after 1953 are cleared by the ACNB.

Next, one can look in the previous La Tribu issue, as it contains a section on the next congres. In La Tribu 35 we find on page 2 : “Next congres : from June 25th till July 6th, in a location to be determined”. La Tribu 38 on page 5 reads (rough translation)

Next congres : will be held around the usual dates (June 23rd till July 7th, with a margin of 2 or 3 days). To facilitate things for Borel and Weil, Koko (=Koszul) will quickly look for a pleasant place in the Vosges or l’Alsace region. If this fails, he’ll immediately warn Cartan who will then take care of Die.

La Tribu 41 mentions on page 6: next congress will be held in Die from June 23rd till July 7th.

Finally, it may be that La Tribu itself gives more details. Strangely, La Tribu 36 is not among the issues recently cleared by the ACNB.

We know of its existence from Kromer’s paper La Machine de Grothendieck, and from a letter from Serre to Grothendieck from July 13th 1955 in which he writes that the Bourbaki congres in Sallieres-les-bains went well and that Grothendieck’s paper on Homological algebra (now known as the Tohoku-paper) was carefully read and converted everyone (‘even Dieudonne, who seems completely functorised’).

In La Tribu 39 we immediately strike gold, the heading tells us that the congres was held in the ‘Etablissement Thermo-resineux de Sallieres les bains’.

But, if you google for this, all you get are some pretty old postcards, such as this one

with one exception, a site set up to save the chapel of the Thermes de Sallieres-les-bains, which gives some historical information (google-translated):

“In Die, in the middle of the 19th century, the thermo-resinous establishments of Salières-les-bains opened. Until 1972, i.e. for 120 years, spa guests came there every summer to treat their bronchial tubes and rheumatism with the vapours of mugho pine. The center of Die and its cathedral being 4km away, it is in this 51m² chapel that the curists gathered. Mass was even sometimes said there because a priest was regularly among the spa guests. But after the closure, the small family farm can no longer maintain all the large buildings of the inn and their chapel, whose roof has now collapsed…”

And, there is the book Des bains de vapeurs térébenthinés aux pastilles de Pin mugho by Cécile Raynal, containing a short paragraph on the installation in Sallieres: (G-translate)

“Located a short distance from Martouret, this hydro-mineral establishment was created by a breeder, owner of the Sallieres estate, Mr. Taillotte. He equipped himself with facilities for resinous baths and also used hydrotherapy. More especially frequented by the patients of the surroundings, under the supervision of Dr. Magnan, a doctor from Die, the establishment charged moderate prices and functioned only in the summer. The installations would have lasted until the 1970s.”

So, it is perfectly possible that the Bourbakis stayed here in the mid 50ties. But, how did they know of this place and what’s the link with Cartan?

If you look at the map (Sallieres is the red marker) you’ll find in the immediate neighborhood the former Abbey of Valcroissant (for the Dome du Glandasse read La Tribu 42, page2)

“The abbey was bought in the 1950s by the mathematician and philosopher Marcel Légaut and his wife, who chose to restore it while maintaining agricultural activity, particularly livestock. The restoration led in particular to the classification of the abbey in the inventory of historical monuments, a classification which took place on October 25, 1971. The restoration continued in the 21st century, led by Rémy Légaut, son of Marcel, his wife Martine, and the association of “Friends of Valcroissant” created by André Pitte and Serge Durand.”

Marcel Legaut was a very interesting person, who did a Grothendieck avant-la-lettre. From wikipedia

“Marcel Légaut was born in Paris, where he received his Ph.D. in Mathematics from the École Normale Supérieure in 1925. He taught in various faculties (among them Rennes and Lyon) until 1943. Under the impact of the Second World War and the rapid French defeat in 1940, Légaut acknowledged the lack of certain fundamental aspects in his life as well as in the lives of other university professors and civil servants. That is why he tried to alternate teaching with farm work. After three years his project was no longer accepted and he left the University to live as a shepherd in the Pré-Alpes (Haut-Diois).”

Legaut also wrote about twenty books on catholic faith. Again from wikipedia (and compare to Grothendieck’s later years):

“Légaut offers, in his books, his meditation, his testimony and his prayer, resulting from the intimate conversation he holds with himself, with his friends and with God. Meditation, testimony and prayer are, in every human being, the three categories corresponding to the different destinataries of intimate “conversation”, which is, in short, the sort of communication that every spiritual life aims to achieve according to its deep instinct.”

Marcel Legaut is also one of the 24 ‘mutants’ in Grothendieck’s Clef des songes. Is it possible the two met during the Bourbaki congres in Sallieres-les-bains?

In this article on Legaut there’s this recollection by Pierre Cartier:

“Pierre Cartier believes that Grothendieck and Légaut had already met in the fifties, on the occasion of a Bourbaki meeting which took place in the Alps in Pelvoux-le Poët. Légaut, who lived at no great distance, was acquainted with Henri Cartan, André Weil and other members of Bourbaki. Cartier remembers that he himself visited Légaut at the time, and recalls Légaut actually attending the Bourbaki meeting.”

I beg to differ on the place of the Bourbaki meeting, I’m convinced it was during a congres in Sallieres-les-bains. We now also see the link with Cartan. Probably it was Legaut who mentioned the nearby wellness-center to Cartan.

Do the buildings of the ‘Etablissement Thermo-resineux de Sallieres les bains’ still exist, and what is their exact location?

If you intend to go on a little pelgrimage, point your GPS to 44.737347, 5.398835. Perhaps you can stay for a few days in the renovated Abbaye de Valcroissant, they offer courses in herbal medicine, aromatherapy and natural cosmetics, which are organised from March to November.

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